The United States has the highest income gap in the developed world, and it’s affecting how kids do in school, new research suggests.
A new study reports that 10-year-olds’ scores on standardized math tests were lower on average between 1992 and 2019 in states with higher levels of income inequality — a measure of how unevenly income is distributed through a population.
And the struggles aren’t limited to low-income kids, the study’s author said.
“For math, income inequality was associated with lower achievement for both poor and non-poor students alike,” said Joseph Workman, a sociologist at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.
Workman said addressing social inequality may be a more effective way to boost academic achievement than reforming schools or changing curriculum.
The study compared fourth-graders’ math and reading scores from 1992 to 2019 with income data from all 50 states. It used data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress, which measures student achievement nationwide using a sample of youngsters from each state. It’s commonly known as the nation’s report card.
Workman’s study found that states with the biggest increases in income inequality also had the smallest increase in math scores, an average 17.5 points. That compared to 24.3 points in states where the divide didn’t widen as quickly.
The gap was associated with lower achievement for poor and more affluent students alike, the findings showed.
But while math gaps were significant, reading results were not linked to income inequality overall, according to the report published Oct. 5 in the journal Educational Review.
“For reading, income inequality benefited non-poor students and harmed poor students,” Workman said. “So, for reading the benefits and harms cancel out to no association overall.”
Preliminary evidence suggests these same patterns apply for students of other ages, too.
Income inequality has been attributed to an array of concerns — from mental health issues to higher divorce rates, substance abuse and child mistreatment. That may affect a child’s development, researchers suggest. The income gap also may result in a high concentration of children from disadvantaged backgrounds at some schools, making it harder for them meet each child’s needs, the study suggests.
The income gap in the United States has been U-shaped. Levels were high from the 1910s to the 1930s, fell from the 1940s to the 1970s, and then rose again.
Workman said his findings have important implications for policymakers.
“Assessments of the No Child Left Behind Act, which attempted to raise achievement and reduce achievement disparity by reforming schools, have provided scant evidence of the policy being effective in achieving its goals,” Workman said in a journal news release. “An effective strategy to raise achievement may be to reduce income inequality. Policies such as progressive tax rates, wealth tax, inheritance tax and annual wealth tax can effectively reduce inequality.”
He suggested that higher tax revenues could be earmarked for programs that support child development, such as universal pre-kindergarten or summer learning programs.
More information
Pew Research Center has information about income inequality in the U.S.
SOURCE: Educational Review, news release, Oct. 5, 2021
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